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During these last few days I have been highlighting the various aspects of the meditational process, since I feel that this is of crucial importance in everyone's life. You can know everything, but you cannot know yourself. That was one of the points which I tried to elucidate in various ways during these days. Why is it that you can know anything, even the stars you can count, but you cannot know your own self? It is because you are neither an object of sensory perception, nor are you an object of mental cognition. You are not able to know yourself because there is no one to know yourself.

In all processes of knowledge, there is a knower and a known. If you are to know yourself, here who is the knower and who is the known? Since you cannot stand outside yourself as an object, you cannot be the known. And inasmuch as you are the subject, pure and simple, where is the question of knowing yourself? The knower cannot know the knower because that seems to be a contradiction in the very operation of the knowledge process. Everything in the world - even in the high heavens - stands in the position of an object of cognition, thought and visualisation. But you are none of these things. You seem to be the pivot of all the processes of knowledge; and the pivot itself cannot be known, just as you cannot climb on your own shoulders. Yet, this great miraculous adventure has to be undergone. It is more difficult than Hercules trying to get the golden apples from the garden of Hesperides. It is more difficult than Jason trying to harness the brazen bulls. Yet, it has to be achieved.

In the Upanishads there are certain anecdotes which spotlight this problem and try to detail, as much as possible, the way in which we can tackle this question. I relate to you one such anecdote from the Chhandogya Upanishad. There were six great learned people. They knew all the scriptures, all the shastras, all the schools of philosophy. They discussed among themselves, "We have heard that there is a thing called the Atman. Where is it located?" None of them could come to a conclusive answer. They heard that the king of that country knew the answer to this question. It appears that in ancient times, great secrets of spiritual wisdom were kept by the Kshatriya kings, more so than Brahmins who were learned in lore, because the knowledge of the Atman is not learning in lore; it is something quite different. It is a total topsy-turvy operation of the process of consciousness. Instead of the knower trying to have knowledge of the known, the table gets turned in this process. That is to say, the knower has to know the knower only. Know thyself - atmanam vidhi - is the dictum.

These great learned people, six in number, went humbly to the king of that country, who was a Kshatriya; and these seekers were Brahmins. They sat outside the palace of the king, seeking admission into his darbar so that they could speak to him about the purpose of their coming. The king thought that the Brahmins had come to receive some gift. Under that impression he spoke to them saying, "Tomorrow I am going to have a large sacrifice performed. You may come and participate. I shall give you a lot of dakshina."

These six Brahmins said, "It is very kind of you to have told us that, but please give us what we want. We have not come to participate in a sacrifice, nor do we want any gold coin as dakshina from you. Tell us what you know."

The king was taken aback that they put such a question. He said, "It is not proper that a Brahmana should come and request a Kshatriya for knowledge. Actually the Kshatriyas, being lower than Brahmanas in the social hierarchy, should go to Brahmanas for knowledge. How is it that Brahmanas are coming to Kshatriyas?"

These six Brahmins said, "We have not come here as Brahmanas. We have come as students of knowledge. Please, initiate us into the technique of knowing that which you know and which nobody else knows."

The king was surprised. "All right," he said.

Generally when students go to a preceptor for knowledge, the Guru asks them to stay for several years, doing service and observing continence. But recognising the greatness of these people, he absolved them of this requisition and merely said, "Tomorrow you may see me."

The next morning, they took their bath, put on new clothes and went to the king. The king asked, "Let us know what you know already."

One of them said, "I am meditating on the sun as the Supreme Reality."

The king said, "It is wonderful that you are doing this meditation, but the sun is the eye of Reality; it is not the whole of Reality. And you know that the sun is the presiding deity of the visual organ. Because of your meditation on the sun, the deity of the process of vision, you are seeing glory and abundance in your house; but you are meditating in a wrong manner. If you had not come to me and placed this difficulty before me, you would have become blind. It is good that you have come to me."

Like that, he went on asking all of them what kind of meditation they were pursuing. One said, "I have done (meditation) considering the earth itself as the footstool of the whole Cosmic Being," and various other things were told.

The king said, "None of these methods of meditation are correct. Partial glory you are enjoying in your life because of this partial, finite form of meditation, but if you had not come to me you would have come to disaster. Some limb of your body would have gone. It is somehow a miracle - destiny and Providence working, as it were - that you have come to me for rectification of your defects. What are the defects? What is the mistake you have made? Your meditation is involved in two defects. Number one: you are thinking - whether it is the sun, or the earth, or whatever it is - that the object of your meditation is outside you. The object which you are trying to achieve is not outside. The second defect is that you are considering the object of meditation as being located in one place. But the truth is, the Supreme Reality is not in one place. Neither is it outside you, nor is it in one place. Now, can you adjust your consciousness to this position? The one thing on which you are practising meditation should not be standing outside you, nor should it be in one place."

It is a feat of the exercise of the will and understanding to appreciate and adjust oneself to this technique. How will you think something in your mind by not placing it outside you, and also not placing it any one place, somewhere, in this structure of space and time? They were trained people, so they could grasp the intricacy and the significance of this instruction.

Does any one of you catch the point? Is it possible for you to think something by not placing it outside you, and also not placing it somewhere in the world? Great purification of the mind is necessary to think like this because the habit of the mind is to think everything as being outside oneself and also as located somewhere. Everything is somewhere, and everything is outside. Other than this way of thinking, what other way is there in your operation of concepts? The Atman cannot be known so easily, as you imagine, because it is not outside you, and it is not somewhere. Then where is it? Use your intelligence and answer this question to yourself.

In another analogy, the Katha Upanishad brings before you a wonderful, dramatic situation which arose when Nachiketas approached the great Lord Yama for knowledge. Nachiketas was thrown out of his home by an angry father for some reason, which you will read in the Katha Upanishad, in the beginning itself. The father said, "Go to hell!" When you get angry, you say that. Nachiketas, the little boy, felt within himself, "Why should I go to Yama, the ruler of hell?" Anyway, the imprecation discharged by the father had an effect on the boy's soul, because he himself was a great sage of meditation. Because of this imprecation, the soul of the boy was skyrocketed to the abode of Yama, and he stood there for three days and nights without being able to have darshan of Lord Yama. For some peculiar reason which we cannot understand, Yama absented himself for three days and nights. Or rather, the boy was told that Yama would not be available to him for three days.

After three days and nights, Yama presented himself. "My dear little boy, I am very sorry that I have allowed you to stand here for three days and nights without food and drink and no one to talk to. As an expiation, as a recompense for this trouble that you have undergone for three days and nights in front of my palace, I ask you to seek three boons from me."

The intelligent boy said, "May I return to the world as one who will be greeted with affection. May all things in the world receive me with affection, including my father who was annoyed with me for some reason."

"Granted," Yama immediately said. "When you return, the whole world will receive you with affection."

You know very well, nobody can be received by anything in the world with such affection. Can you imagine anyone being received by the whole world with affection? It is a transcendental boon that was granted.

"Ask for the second boon," Yama said.

"My Lord, I have heard that there is a thing called heaven where people have no hunger and thirst. They do not have to sleep. They do not have fatigue. They are always blissful. There is glory everywhere. There, every desire is automatically fulfilled. Initiate me into this great technique of meditation," asked Nachiketas.

"Here it is!" said Yama. "I grant you this knowledge." And all of the methods of meditation on the cosmical setup of things were described. "Now ask for the third boon."

The boy said, "I am glad that you have allowed me to ask for the third boon. May I tell you? People say the soul is, or perhaps is not, after it departs from this body. Please bless me with this knowledge."

"Ask not this question! Do not speak to me like this! Not even the gods can answer this question, 'What happens to the soul when it is withdrawn from the body?' Ask for anything else," replied Yama.

The boy said, "I do not want anything else. I have come to seek the highest knowledge of this mystery, which you say even the gods cannot know; and if even the gods cannot know it, it implies that you know it. Then will I go back defeated? I must have this knowledge from you!"

Yama said, "No, do not press me like this. I am very sorry that I allowed you to ask for a third boon. This is not what I expected from you. Ask for something else. I will make you the king of this whole world. The entire earth will be under your control. You will live as long as the universe lasts. All the joys of heaven I grant you as a boon that will manifest itself instantaneously. What else do you want?"

"Please, take all these three blessings back to yourself," said Nachiketas. "What is long life? You said 'as long as possible, as long as the universe lasts' - that long a life you can give me. But when the universe ceases to exist, the long life becomes short. So, do not tempt me with all these arguments. The longest life is short because when it ends, it is short - and it has to end one day or the other. Why do you tell me that I shall have long life? And you say I shall have the whole earth for enjoyment. What is enjoyment with the weariness of the sense organs which become old, decrepit, and perish by the very enjoyment that you are speaking of? No. There is no use for this boon of being a king of the whole earth. It is a temptation which is worth nothing - and long life is short. 'Ask,' you said. I have asked, and it is up to you to answer this question," said the boy.

"I am very sorry that you are troubling me like this," Yama said.

What was the difficulty in answering this question? Why was Yama reluctant? He was able to easily give all these wondrous boons like affection from the whole earth itself, and the joys of heaven, but he would not say what happens to the soul after death.